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(A video provided by the researchers shows the nanofabrication process in action.) Bright and controllable A motorized stage then adjusts the substrate position and the process is repeated to build the next red, green or blue pixel. As it moves upward away from the substrate, the nozzle builds up a pillar of polymer, around 620 nm in diameter and 2 to 10 µm in height, that rapidly cures in air.Īt the end of the run to build each pixel, the pipette is suddenly yanked upward to terminate the nanopillar.
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To do so, they used a tapered glass “nanopipet,” with an opening diameter of only around 630 nm, to squirt out femtoliter quantities of the ink. Next, the team got down to the business of manufacturing pixels with these QD-doped inks. The quantum-dot-doped “nanopillars” are deposited by a glass pipette with a nozzle around 630 nm in diameter, which builds up each nanopillar before moving to the next, as shown in a video from the research team. The researchers then doped samples of a polystyrene polymer solution with these luminescent nanoparticles, creating three different polymer inks, each with dots emitting at a different wavelength-650 nm (red), 540 nm (green) or 480 nm (blue). The team began by selecting QDs, noted for high quantum efficiency and long-term stability, as the luminescent agents to be used in the pixels. To try out a different approach, the team behind the recently published research-led by Jaeyeon Pyo and Seung Kwon Seol of the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)-adapted a 3D-nanoprinting method that the researchers had developed four years earlier for fabricating nanophotonic waveguides. The brightness can be pumped up somewhat by repeating the printing process to vertically thicken the pixel however, this tends to smear out the pixel laterally in practice, reducing the achievable resolution. The problem with these methods is that, the smaller the pixel gets, the less light-emitting material it can contain-and, thus, the dimmer it will be. These methods lay the light-emitting material down in a programmable pattern on a film layer that’s then used to build the display or other technology. In addition to photolithography, common 2D methods for printing display pixels include inkjet and electrohydrodynamic-jet (e-jet) printing and transfer printing. And the researchers claim that the method can lay down these nanoscale pixels at a “super-high density” some five times higher than limits of current commercial technology-a characteristic that could give the method potential not only in display technology but also in some niches in data storage, cryptography and other applications. The 3D-printing process, the research team reports, can produce 620-nm-wide pixels of pure color that are twice as bright as those made from 2D patterning. The team’s approach rests on building up pixels vertically on free-standing nanopillars of a polymer that’s been spiked with luminescent nanoparticles, also known as quantum dots (QDs). Now, researchers from the Republic of Korea and Hong Kong have proposed a novel 3D-printing approach to manufacturing pixels for display-one, they maintain, that could allow much smaller, nanoscale pixels to be crowded in at far higher densities than is possible with 2D-patterning methods (ACS Nano, doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04075).
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And these efforts eventually run up against some practical limitations, particularly on pixel brightness, that are imposed by the 2D-patterning approaches commonly used to create display pixels. But for some applications, such as microprojection and augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), researchers continue to chase ever-smaller pixel sizes and higher pixel densities. ĭisplay resolutions have improved incredibly in recent years-so much so that some wonder whether the newest generation of high-definition TVs, so-called 8K displays, has reached the limits of resolution enhancement that the human eye can distinguish (see “Television Goes 8K,” OPN, May 2020). The team believes that the nanopillars, only 620 nm in diameter and 2 to 10 µm in height, can be packed together to achieve display resolutions more than five times greater than those achievable with current commercial technology. A 3D-printing method devised by researchers in Korea and Hong Kong builds up nanoscale pixels of red, green and blue colors by using a glass “nanopipet” to deposit pillars of polystyrene ink doped with quantum dots.